What Is PRAL & How Does It Affect Kidneys?

If you’ve ever wondered about the impact of food on body acid levels, this article is for you! PRAL is a measurement of the acid (or alkaline) produced from your diet in your body. People with kidney disease, and some other chronic conditions (including kidney stones!) can make changes to their diet to reduce PRAL, or dietary acid, to help improve health.

PRAL is anything but straightforward, so let’s start at the beginning.

What is PRAL?

“PRAL” stands for Potential Renal Acid Load.  PRAL is a measurement of the amount of acid, or base (aka “alkali”) your diet produces in your body.  Higher PRAL values indicate more acid is produced from your food.  Negative PRAL values indicate that base (the opposite of acid) is produced. 

The total PRAL of your diet is the balance of the acid and base produced by your diet throughout the day. PRAL is measured in milliequivalents of acid per day. (1)

The pH in your body is the amount of acid relative to the amount of base.  Your body is constantly striving to keep pH at healthy levels, and is tightly regulated by your lungs and kidneys.  Acid is produced in our bodies from normal processes such as digestion and metabolism.  Your body relies primarily on the kidneys to get rid of extra acid your diet generates. Your lungs help a little too!

PRAL is becoming more and more common in nutrition research. More dietitians and doctors are beginning to recommend eating based on the principle of PRAL.  Keep reading to learn more!

PRAL Calculation

PRAL is calculated from 5 nutrients that create either acid or base in our bodies.  Protein and phosphorus create acid during metabolism; whereas potassium, magnesium and calcium produce base.  By far, protein is the biggest determinant of PRAL. The more protein a food has, the higher the PRAL value. (1)

Nutrients impact on PRAL

PRAL and Food

PRAL is best used for evaluating an entire diet, not just a single food.  However, for the sake of education, I think it is useful to compare the PRAL for single foods to understand the benefit of eating more (or less!) of those foods.

To reduce the acid load on our kidneys, our goal is to reduce the amount of protein in our diet (acid producing), and increase the amount of foods that produce alkali or base.  What does this mean for our actual meals?

Take a look at this chart. Notice that most animal proteins such as beef and chicken have a very high PRAL value.  This is because most animal proteins have a lot of protein and phosphorus, and are relatively low in potassium, magnesium and calcium.  Most plant proteins (such as lentils, beans and nuts) have a negative PRAL value, representing that these foods produce base in our body.  In addition, most fruits and vegetables have a negative PRAL.

PRAL for Individual Foods

Portion SizePotential Renal Acid Load (PRAL, mEq/day)
Proteins
Beef Steak4oz, cooked12.9
Chicken4oz, cooked16.3
Cod4oz, cooked13.5
Shrimp4oz, cooked14.5
Black Beans½ cup, cooked-2.6
Lentils½ cup, cooked-1.5
Walnuts¼ cup1.7
Egg1 whole3.7
Grains
Whole Grain Bread1 slice1.8
White Bread1 slice0.8
Brown Rice½ cup, cooked2.2
Quinoa½ cup, cooked2.1
Dairy
2% milk1 cup-1.5
Low Fat Plain Yogurt1 cup0.4
Cheddar Cheese1 slice3.5
Fresh Mozzarella Cheese1 slice3.8
Fats
Olive Oil1 tablespoon0.0
Unsalted Butter1 tablespoon0.1
Vegetables
Broccoli1 cup, cooked-5.5
Green Beans1 cup, cooked-3.5
Tomatoes½ cup, chopped-3.7
Carrots1 cup, cooked-6.4
Fruits
Banana1 medium, raw-8.2
Peaches1 medium, raw-4.7
Blueberries1 cup, raw-1.5
Pineapple1 cup, cubes-3.6

PRAL Food Chart

To make this a little easier, I classified foods into what group they generally fall into.  Our goal is balance the higher PRAL foods we eat, with enough negative PRAL foods.

PRAL Food Table

High PRAL Foods (Acid Producing)Overall Neutral PRAL FoodsNegative PRAL Foods (Base Producing)
BeefFats & OilsAll fruits
PorkAll vegetables
LambBeans
Chicken & TurkeyLegumes
Fish & SeafoodMilk & Yogurt
**Moderately acid producing foods**
Grains
Eggs
Cheese
Images of base producing (negative PRAL) vs. acid producing (high PRAL) foods. Negative PRAL foods include tomatoes, grapes, broccoli, peppers, peaches and most plant proteins. High PRAL foods include poultry, beef, pork, lamb, fish and seafood.

Side Note: High PRAL Foods vs. Acidic Foods

High PRAL foods are not necessarily foods that are acidic.  This can be confusing and is an important difference.   High PRAL foods are usually not acidic before we eat them.  For example, tomatoes and pineapple are acidic, but they have a negative PRAL value.  This is because the acid in food is very different than the acid PRAL measures.  The acid in food is neutralized by hydrochloric acid in our stomach and does not increase the amount of acid in our bodies.  PRAL measures the acidity of food’s metabolites, not the food itself.

People with heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) may find relief from avoiding acidic foods such as tomatoes, orange juice, pineapple or vinegar.  Of course, if you suffer from this condition and avoiding these foods helps your symptoms, by all means, avoid these foods!  However, if you tolerate these foods just fine, there is absolutely no reason to avoid acidic foods.

Diet Patterns and PRAL

Of course, none of us live off only one food.  What a terribly boring life that would be! Because we eat a variety of foods, it is most important to consider PRAL for your entire diet. The goal is not to demonize all high PRAL foods and elevate only negative PRAL foods.

Reducing the PRAL of your diet really boils down to three important points:

  1. Eat more foods that produce base. This will help neutralize acid from the protein that you do eat. Your body does need some protein! This means eating large amounts of vegetables and fruits.  Yet another reason fruits and veggies are good for us!
  2. Eat the right kind of protein. Plant proteins like beans, lentils and nuts create much less acid in our bodies compared to meat, poultry and fish. Many plant proteins even produce base!  Swapping out meat for plant-based proteins, even for just 1 meal per day, can help reduce the PRAL of your diet.
  3. Eat the right amount of protein. No matter what kind of protein you are eating, if you eat a very high protein diet, it will have a high PRAL value. It is important to work with a Registered Dietitian to understand how much protein is right for you.

Popular Diet Patterns and PRAL

A couple popular dietary patterns fall into these three recommendations to reduce PRAL nicely. 

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet focuses on eating at least 10 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.  In addition, the DASH diet recommends 3 servings of dairy with a focus on incorporating plant-based proteins. Dietary patterns consistent with DASH would have a low PRAL value.  In addition, DASH as been shown to be incredibly effective at lowering blood pressure! (2)

Check out more info about the DASH diet, or download this handout.

The Mediterranean Diet is another popular, well-researched, dietary pattern that has a low PRAL value.  The Mediterranean diet is most known for its benefit on heart health. (3)  It has also shown benefit in reducing risk for Alzheimer’s, dementia and cognitive decline in old age. (4) (5)

Read more about the Mediterranean diet.

Who Should Follow a Low PRAL Diet?

A low PRAL diet will always be high in fruits & veggies, keep meat portions reasonable, and will likely include more plant proteins.  Honestly, these dietary changes are probably good practice for almost everyone!

There are some specific health conditions a lower PRAL diet has been shown to be helpful.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A low PRAL diet is probably most known for it’s benefits for chronic kidney disease. Dietary patterns lower in PRAL can help control acidosis and have been shown to slow the progression of kidney disease.

To understand how PRAL can impact kidney disease, let’s understand a little more about acid, food and your kidneys.

Acid and Kidney Disease

Your diet is the biggest factor that determines how much acid your kidneys have to deal with. (6)  For most people, your kidneys get rid of this extra acid and it does not cause any problems.

In kidney disease, kidneys cannot get rid of extra acid as well as they should.  This causes acid to build up in your blood. This is called “acidosis”, and has many negative health effects.

Acidosis is very common in people with kidney disease.  An estimated 13% of people with CKD stage 3 have acidosis, and this increases to almost 40% by CKD stage 4. (7)  Even people with earlier stages of kidney disease (CKD stages 1 and stage 2) keep more acid in their bodies compared to people without kidney disease. (8) Your doctor will frequently check how much carbon dioxide (CO2) is in your blood.  C02 is a measurement of how acidic your body is.  Most doctors want your C02 level to be 22 mEq/L or higher5. (9)

Consequences of Acidosis

  • Weak bones and osteoporosis
  • Faster progression of kidney disease
  • Muscle loss
  • Possible worsening of heart disease and inflammation
  • Taste changes
  • Poor appetite
  • Fatigue
  • Headache (10)

Treatment for Acidosis

Acidosis in kidney disease is usually treated with a medication called sodium bicarbonate. (10)  This medication gives you a large dose of base, which helps neutralize extra acid in your body.  Potassium citrate is another common medication to treat acidosis.  However, potassium citrate is not used as much for people with kidney disease because of the large amount of potassium in it.

I know all this acid talk can sound sort of scary.  But, I have good news! What you eat directly impacts how much acid you have in your body.  In fact, some foods can actually help get rid of extra acid.  You can use diet to help treat acidosis! This is where PRAL comes in.

Eating a diet lower in PRAL can help prevent and treat acidosis for people with kidney disease. In fact, fruits and veggies have been found to be almost as effective as sodium bicarbonate in preventing acidosis! (11) (12)

Potassium, PRAL & Kidney Disease

Some people with advanced kidney disease need to limit how much potassium they eat.  If you fall into this category, some fruits and vegetables are not the best choice for you, even though they have a low PRAL. 

However, acidosis can make high blood potassium levels worse. So, eating as many low PRAL fruits and vegetables as possible might actually help potassium levels in the end by improving acidosis, even though they technically have more potassium. (13) Always ask your Registered Dietitian what is best for you.

More about potassium and kidney disease. 

Kidney Stones

Lower PRAL dietary patterns may also help prevent certain types of kidney stones. (14) (15)

The PRAL of your diet directly impacts the pH of your urine. Your body’s main way of getting rid of extra acid is via urine. So, the more acid you eat, the more acid ends up in your urine, which lowers your urine pH.

How Does PRAL Impact Kidney Stones?

Urine that is too acidic (or, has a low pH), makes it easier for both uric acid and calcium oxalate kidney stones to form. This is especially true for uric acid kidney stones. Low urine pH is the biggest driver of uric acid kidney stones. (16)

So, eating a lower PRAL diet can help reduce urine acid, and prevent these types of kidney stones.

A lower PRAL diet can also help increase urine citrate. Citrate is a powerful inhibitor of kidney stones, so higher levels of urine citrate is a good thing for kidney stone prevention. (17)

Low PRAL Food Patterns & Kidney Stones

The connection between PRAL and kidney stones goes beyond this very “sciency” explanation. We see this science and biochemistry play out in real life!

People who eat lower PRAL diets have about a 50% reduced risk of kidney stones. (14) (15) In addition, dietary patterns that would inherently have a lower PRAL such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and a Mediterranean diet have also been associated with a lower risk of kidney stones. (18) (19)

Kidney stone nutrition is very different for every single person, depending on their 24-hour urine test results. Kidney Stone Nutrition School will help you come up with a personalized kidney stone prevention plan.

Other Health Conditions

Although most of the research about the health benefits of PRAL are around kidney health, a lower PRAL diet may be helpful for many other chronic conditions.

PRAL has been associated with improvements in diabetes & insulin resistance, heart disease and bone health. (20) (21) (22) (23)

Combating a High PRAL Diet with Supplements?

A Google search will reveal endless supplements and food products claiming to reduce acid in your body and cure all ailments from anxiety to diabetes.  Most of this is completely unsupported by research and I generally do not recommend them.

Some of these products, such as alkaline water, have not been shown to be effective to improve health. It is difficult to know if alkaline water and other supplements are just alkaline themselves, or if they actually produce alkali during metabolism. The production of alkali is what we are really after.

Even if these products do produce alkali, getting alkali (or base) from specialized foods or supplements robs you of the benefit of getting alkali from fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables have countless benefits other than just alkali. 

In addition, as with any dietary supplement, there is a danger of getting too much alkali.  It would be almost impossible to get too much alkali from food as your body has all sorts of checks and balances in place to regulate reasonable doses of acid and alkali from food.

Happy Eating!

Melanie

Author

  • Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND, FNKF

    Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FNKF, FAND is a nationally recognized kidney stone expert and dietitian with over 12 years of experience. She is the Founder & CEO of Melanie Betz Nutrition, LLC & The Kidney Dietitian blog that and has helped thousands of people prevent kidney stones with food. As a leader in the field, she has published her research and speaks at numerous local, state and national professional conferences about kidney nutrition. She also holds an elected or appointed position in the National Kidney Foundation, Renal Practice Group, American Kidney Fund and the National Kidney Foundation of Illinois. More about Melanie & The Kidney Dietitian.

    View all posts

71 thoughts on “What Is PRAL & How Does It Affect Kidneys?”

  1. Melanie, I so much enjoyed all this information. It has helped me be less stressful about what I eat since my stones have been coming back 80 percent uric acid and 20 percent calcium oxcilate.
    I am going to try the moonstone to see if that help more because I cannot tolerate the potassium citrate meds. You talk mostly the moonstone helping with calcium oscillate stones. Unless I misunderstood
    Moonstone shou also help with the uric acid. Am I correct?

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND, FNKF

      Yes! Moonstone is a wonderful product IF you have low urine citrate and IF you have low urine pH. Moonstone won’t directly lower urine uric acid levels – but uric acid kidney stones are mostly driven by very low urine pH. So, by this mechanism, it would help with uric acid kidney stones. Here is my affiliate link to purchase Moonstone products!

  2. Hi. My question is about bananas…some PRAL scores have bananas + 6.5 but you score it – 8.2. Is there a reason that there is a discrepancy about the scoring of bananas?

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      So funny that you mention this! Another dietitian just emailed me about this yesterday. I’ve looked into it and confirmed my numbers are correct (I calculate them all myself). I have no idea where those references that say bananas have a positive PRAL value are getting that info!

        1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND, FNKF

          Hi Karen! Thank you for sharing and for your kind comment! Bananas are so alkaline primarily because of their very high potassium content (which is a WONDERFUL thing for most people!). This article overall is not scientifically valid. For example, it states that bananas still produce acid because of their sugar content, which is 100% false. Sugar doesn’t have ANY impact on the acidity or alkalinity a food produces.

  3. Because of dengue, a viral infection,my Platelet Count keeps going down. At 105 k now vs normal of 150k. To increase platelet count I have to have foods( kiwi, paaya, goat milk) that happen to be high on Potassium. My potassium stands at 5.6 down from 5.9. This is not good from heart point of view.
    I also have a tendency to go high on Uric Acid.
    What foods should I have and what should be avoided?

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      I really can’t say what is best for you without knowing more about your medical history and current eating habits. I’d recommend working with a dietitian 1:1 to help you figure this out.

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      There isn’t really a “target” PRAL. The main message here is we generally need to be eating more “negative” PRAL foods to balance the protein we do eat. And, if we can eat more protein from neutral/negative PRAL foods (aka plant proteins!) that is wonderful as well. And yes, older adults do tend to need more protein than younger people. A dietitian can help you know exactly how much protein is right for you!

  4. Thanks for the informative article. Could you confirm what is the PRAL value of organic Tofu (typical briands we get in the grocery stores such as Natur’s Promise)?
    Also could you recommend a list that shows the PRAL value and Phosphorus content in the same table as some Lower PRAL have high Phosphorus and perhaps vice versa.
    Thank you again for your work here!!

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      Tofu is going to have a generally low PRAL value. I don’t know of such a list that lists PRAL and phosphorus. We are generally moving away from COUNTING phosphorus in diets due to the massive difference in how much phosphorus we actually absorb from different food sources of phosphorus – you can learn more about this here.

  5. Thank you for such an informative post Melanie. Out of curiosity, when we talk about a low protein diet, assuming a meal of beans and veggies, do we calculate the protein in the beans and vegetables to determine what is the total protein consumed?

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      Yep! Protein from ALL foods counts. There is some protein in nearly ALL the foods we eat (other than fruit!).

      1. There is enough protein in fruit to keep someone on a strict fruit-only diet from becoming protein-deficient (though they would likely experience other deficiencies).

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      Oh my goodness! I’m so glad. Thank you so very much for taking the time to leave a comment and let me know!

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      Great question! I’m not aware of research that shows PRAL directly affects gout. But, the principles of avoiding too much non-dairy animal protein, eating more plant proteins and plenty of fruits and veggies is exactly what we recommend for gout!

  6. I’m currently eating a DASH diet: nearly vegetarian with some egg, dairy, fish and chicken. I’ve developed a recurrent Klebsiella infection and now I’m told I should switch to a HIGHER
    PRAL diet. I’m going to start ascorbic acid 1-4 grams/ day, but I’m wondering if that’s going to be enough and whether I have to give up my favorite foods.

    For instance, I typically live on tomato/eggplant/pepper (Mediterranean) dishes in the summer, grown in my garden.

    Anyway, I’m on a wonderful, typically very healthy, diet and it’s difficult to consider how to change that.

    Suggestions?

    1. Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      It is really hard for me to know what is best for you without knowing more about your medical history. However, my hunch is you really shouldn’t need to add a ton more meat to your diet because you have a recurrent infection. I’d double check that advice to eat a diet higher in PRAL.

  7. Hi! I’m curious about the PRAL values of unsalted beef and chicken broths. I’ve been using those to help maintain a meaty flavor in many of our otherwise plant-based meals, as my husband was a huge smoker-loving meat-eater prior to his kidneys taking a nosedive. (He hasn’t been a fan of the meals I made using veggie broth. But I’ve had pretty good success with the meat-based broths.) His eGFR has come up from 17 to 22 in just a few weeks, but I’m wondering whether the use of broths (almost daily) is a good idea, or whether he might improve faster if I cut them out. — Thanks in advance for any help you can offer! 🙂

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, CSG

      Hi Jaime! The PRAL value of any type of broth is likely in the neutral range. There really isn’t much in there (other than the sodium). Sine you are choosing those unsalted options, you should be good!

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