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Does Salt Cause Kidney Stones?

Perhaps you’ve heard that salt is related to kidney stones. Spoiler alert: it is! Salt can cause kidney stones. But how? And how much salt can you eat with kidney stones?

Let’s dive into all things salt and kidney stones!

What is a Kidney Stone?

A kidney stone is a crystallization of minerals that form in your urine. The most common type of kidney stone is made of calcium and oxalate. Kidney stones can also be made of phosphate, struvite, cystine or uric acid.

Kidney stones can form anywhere in the urinary tract. They most often form in the kidney, but can also form in the bladder.

Kidney stones are more likely to form when there are more stone-forming elements in your urine, such as calcium or oxalate.

How Does Salt Cause Kidney Stones?

Eating too much salt causes kidney stones by increasing how much calcium is in your urine. High urine calcium is one of the most common causes of kidney stones. (1)

How does this happen? The answer lies within how your kidneys handle salt.

Nearly all of the salt you eat gets excreted in your urine. Your body will hold onto a small amount of salt that it needs, but most of the salt we eat ends up in your urine. In order for your kidneys to get rid of that salt, they also have to get rid of calcium. This is simply how kidneys the kidneys work! So, the more salt you eat, the more calcium ends up in your urine. Higher urine calcium can cause kidney stones. (2)

Side note: Although high urine calcium causes kidney stones, eating foods high in calcium does not. In fact, eating enough calcium is key to oxalate kidney stone prevention!

Picture of how salt can cause kidney stones: diet too high in salt, then the kidneys get rid of excess salt with calcium, then the extra calcium in urine can cause kidney stones

How Much Salt Can You Eat with Kidney Stones?

Of course, the goal is not to completely avoid salt. Your body needs some salt to function properly! However, most of us are eating way more salt than we need.

The American Urological Association recommends a goal of 2,300mg of sodium per day. (3) The guidelines specify that a limit on sodium is important for people with calcium kidney stones and high urine calcium. A goal of 2,300mg is also how much salt the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends for general health.

The average American eats about 3,200mg of sodium each day. (4) This is about 40% more salt than we should be eating.

How to Eat a Low Salt Diet

The first step to a low salt diet for kidney stones is to read nutrition labels. So often, people think they are not eating a lot of salt diet because they don’t add salt to their food. However, about 80% of the salt we eat is already in the foods we eat. The most effective way to reduce your salt intake is to limit really salty foods!

Some of the saltiest culprits of hidden salt are:

  • Salad dressing
  • Bread
  • Deli and other processed meats
  • Sauces & condiments
  • Pickled foods & olives
  • Soup
  • Prepackaged and convenience foods
  • Fast food
Image of naturally low sodium foods: apples, vegetables, rice, nuts, salmon and olive oil

In general, minimally processed foods are very low in sodium. Some examples are:

  • All fruits
  • All vegetables
  • Grains (rice, quinoa, barley, etc.)
  • Milk and yogurt
  • Meat, Chicken, Fish & Seafood

The most common complaint I get when people start to take the salt out of their diet is that it is bland. A low salt diet shouldn’t be flavorless! There are tons of wonderful salt substitutes you can safely use to make your food delicious.

What Kind of Salt is Best For Kidney Stones?

There is a lot of la-dee-da out there about different kinds of salt. But, they are all essentially the same from a nutrition standpoint. One type of salt is not better for kidney stones.

All types of salt have about the same amount of sodium per serving. Some do have very tiny amounts of minerals in them. However, the amount of minerals you would realistically get from salt is negligible. It would not be enough to impact overall health unless you were eating dangerous amounts of salt.

What Else Can Cause Kidney Stones?

Nutrition for kidney stones is much more than salt! (5) Depending on your urine risk factors, there are many changes you could make to prevent kidney stones. Some of the most common changes I recommend for my students are:

Ultimately, there is NO single kidney stone diet that works for everyone. Nutrition for kidney stones MUST be personalized to your 24-hour urine test results. I help people learn

Happy Eating!

Melanie

Author

  • Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND, FNKF

    Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FNKF, FAND is a nationally recognized kidney stone expert and dietitian with over 12 years of experience. She is the Founder & CEO of Melanie Betz Nutrition, LLC & The Kidney Dietitian blog that and has helped thousands of people prevent kidney stones with food. As a leader in the field, she has published her research and speaks at numerous local, state and national professional conferences about kidney nutrition. She also holds an elected or appointed position in the National Kidney Foundation, Renal Practice Group, American Kidney Fund and the National Kidney Foundation of Illinois. More about Melanie & The Kidney Dietitian.

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13 thoughts on “Does Salt Cause Kidney Stones?”

      1. Thanks, I finally found it in this PDF that was linked-to from your reference: “Unabridged version of this Guideline [pdf]”

  1. I drink a lot of fluid daily to the point where my serum sodium is low. I was recently hospitalized for hyponatremia because I spent a week exercising in heat (apparently losing additional sodium through sweat). I didn’t think the extra sweat was going to be a problem because at the time I was eating a slightly higher salty diet than I normally do. I avoided using electrolyte hydration tabs (like Nuun) that contain sodium during the exercise because I thought my diet had enough sodium already. Does sodium delivered during exercise via electrolyte infused water increase serum sodium (as advertising would have you believe) and how does it affect urine calcium? Is it advisable for someone on a low sodium diet to use electrolyte hydration tabs during (high intensity, sweaty) exercise?

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, FAND

      Hi George! All great questions. Honestly, sodium in those electrolyte solutions or food will impact serum and urine calcium the same. If you are sweating a ton and not eating much sodium, you can (in extreme situations) get low blood sodium. This is why I typically recommend total sodium (no matter where it comes from) go no lower than 1500mg/day.

      I can’t say exactly what is best for you without knowing more about you and your situation. But hopefully this helps!

  2. VERY. HELPFUL INFORMATION. IS THE SALT SUBSTITUTES SAFE FOR CKD PATIENTS? AND ALL I GOT FROM MY UROLOGIST’S OFFICE IS SOME OLD PRINTED OUT BOOKLET . THANK YOU MELANIE FOR ALWAYS STAYING UP TO DATE.

  3. I have had 7 lithotripsy’s. I have passed about 10 stones on my own. I drink lemon water everyday. Some days 80-100 ounces and some days less. I do not like milk so I try to drink almond milk with cereal. I do not take In A lot of salt by adding it to my food however I do like salsa, Chips salad dressing g with my ranch dressing. I have in past frank vinegar and honey and it did absorb some stones. I have not done that in a few years but am going to start it again. I have taken stone breaker as supplements but can’t tell it has really helped. Any suggestions would help me so much. Thank you.

    1. Melanie Betz MS, RD, CSR, CSG

      Hi Karen! Thank you so much for sharing about your history. Proper nutrition for stone prevention MUST be based on your 24-hour urine test results. I’d love to help you! I help people prevent stones with this personalized approach in Kidney Stone Nutrition School. I hope to meet you soon!

  4. Thank you for bringing sanity to the situation! I was put on potassium citrate pills after my first kidney stone… 3 yrs later the Dr said, “Oh, those are doing any good because they aren’t getting absorbed!”
    Very little useful information is given out from Doctors anymore! Thanks for filling the void!

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